The South African Defence Force (SANDF) has been deployed within the country's borders for five different purposes in the last three and half years, a major swing from its involvement in the country's internal affairs in the years before.
South Africa's military had not been deployed to assist with law enforcement or other tasks within the country since the early 1990s.
The only previous use of the SANDF was for assistance in rescue efforts after national disasters and assisting the country's borders — particularly around the Beit Bridge border that crosses into Zimbabwe.
That changed in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic — when many MORE ordinary South Africans would first start to see camo-clad soldiers with high-calibre rifles patrolling streets and manning roadblocks.
In the month following the start of the country's first lockdown, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 70,000 troops would be deployed to assist the South African Police Service (Saps) with enforcing measures that sought to minimise the spread of the virus.
Some regarded this step to be necessary while others warned it could set a dangerous precedent for normalising future deployments and not viewing them as a last resort.
A surge in violence and various crimes in the years that followed has necessitated MORE deployments to assist in jobs that should be carried out by the police.
That includes combatting and preventing looting, protecting against Eskom infrastructure vandalism, and fighting against the scourge of illegal miners.
All these deployments have been done under what the government has dubbed “Operation Prosper”, which seeks to “restore order” within the confines of the law.
These deployments signal a worrying decline in the state of South Africa's safety and stability and have cost the country over R3.4 billion.
Meanwhile, the SANDF itself has had to endure budget cuts and has warned it could soon struggle to pay salaries. One of the contributors to its financial predicament is its heavy reliance on reserve force deployments.
Among the many critics of the now-regular deployments is African Defence Review director Darren Olivier, who has maintained the approaches harmed both the SANDF and the SAPS and would have long-term negative consequences for civil-military relations in the country.
“The government is out of ideas and throwing the military at problems it's not suited for,” Olivier said.
Below we have listed all the deployments of the SANDF to assist with functions other than the protection of South Africa from threats beyond its borders — the actual purpose of a military force.
April 2020 to February 2022 — Covid-19 lockdown
- Estimated cost: R1.66 billion
- Maximum number of troops involved: 70,000
In its first official deployment in a democratic South Africa, the SANDF was primarily tasked with assisting police and metro officers in roadblocks to establish whether South Africans driving about during the lockdowns had the necessary paperwork to do so.
July 2021 to March 2022 — Looting, riots, and crime prevention
- Estimated cost: R870 million
- Maximum number of troops involved: 25,000
This deployment came in the wake of the widescale looting and riots in KwaZulu-Natal's major metros and parts of Gauteng in July 2021, resulting in billions of rand in damages.
Police in Durban and Pietermaritzburg were completely overwhelmed by the initial violence, leading to private citizens having to defend their homes and businesses.
Although the SANDF's initial role was to safeguard looting hotspots and major targets like trucks, it later extended into general crime prevention assistance long after the rioting had calmed down.
December 2022 to March 2024 — Eskom power station and infrastructure protection
- Estimated cost: R257 million
- Maximum number of troops involved: 880
The widespread vandalism and sabotage of Eskom infrastructure has weakened the utility and made load-shedding worse.
In the early days of the deployment, critics were sceptical that the deployment of troops at power stations and key infrastructure point would help deter workers and other insiders with malicious intent from engaging in criminal
March 2023 to April 2023 — EFF-led “national shutdown”
- Estimated cost: R166 million
- Maximum number of troops involved: 3,000
The EFF-led “national shutdown” protest stirred fears of a repeat of the July 2021 riots, particularly after inflammatory comments by the controversial red berets' leader Julius Malema.
Responding to critics of the protest in the weeks leading up to the action, Malema threatened those who would violate his right to protest.
“I can tell you with ease. Let any boy or girl come and try to stop me. He will meet his maker. When he leaves in the morning, he must kiss his mother goodbye,” the red berets leader warned.
There were no major incidents of unrest or looting on the day and the “shutdown” was widely regarded to be a failure, although analysts suggested the deployment of soldiers killed the proverbial
November 2023 to April 2024 — Illegal mining
- Estimated cost: R492 million
- Maximum number of troops involved: 3,300
The latest deployment of troops is aimed at helping the police crack down on another rampant crime — illegal mining — which has become a scourge on the outskirts of Johannesburg for its “gang-like” style of turf wars and intimidation.
In recent months, there were incidents of community members like those in the suburb of Riverlea being assaulted by illegal miners, often referred to as “zama zamas”.
The SANDF had actually been assisting the police in combatting the crime with a more modest complement of 880 soldiers.
Regular critics of SANDF deployment for non-military purposes like South African National Defence Union (SANDU) secretary Pikkie Greeff and defence analyst Helmoed Heitman have been more welcoming of this particular initiative.